Outcome measures used in studies of vestibular rehabilitation after stroke: a scoping review.

Abstract

Objective We aimed to identify and map outcome measures used in studies evaluating the effects of vestibular rehabilitation in adults with stroke. Methods MEDLINE, Embase, and the Physiotherapy Evidence Database were searched on 10 June 2026, with no publication year restrictions. Using a population-concept-context framework, we included English-language randomized and non-randomized studies of adults (≥20 years) with stroke who received vestibular rehabilitation. Two reviewers independently screened records, extracted data using a standardized form, and grouped outcomes by primary construct. The frequency of use of each outcome measure was calculated, and the most frequently used measures, including those tied at the fifth rank, were identified. This scoping review was reported in accordance with the Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines. Results Eighteen studies (601 participants) were included. We identified 82 distinct outcome measures spanning balance scales, stabilometry, gait, visuospatial neglect, muscle strength, acceleration index, falls, activities of daily living, vestibular function, health-related quality of life, self-efficacy, and other outcomes. The most commonly used measures were the Berg Balance Scale, Timed Up and Go test, gait speed, cadence, stride length, and Dynamic Gait Index. Vestibular-related outcomes were rarely reported: Subjective Visual Vertical and gaze-stabilization testing were each used in one study. Conclusion Evidence on post-stroke vestibular rehabilitation relies mainly on balance and gait outcomes, with limited use of vestibular-specific tests and dizziness-related patient-reported measures. Standardized outcome sets integrating functional, vestibular-specific, and patient-reported measures, alongside robust trials, are needed to strengthen the evidence base. Osf registration number 10.17605/OSF.IO/CNURX.